Sains Malaysiana 54(10)(2025): 2391-2402

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5410-05

 

Fitness of Malaysian Imidazolinone-Resistant Weedy Rice and Their Growth Responses to Various Herbicides

(Kecergasan Padi Angin Rintang Imidazolinone Malaysia dan Tindak Balas Pertumbuhannya terhadap Pelbagai Racun Herbisida)

 

MOHAMMAD AZIZI HJ. JAMIL^1,3,*, MUHAMMAD SAIFUL AHMAD HAMDANI^1,2, ZULKARAMI BERAHIM¹, NIK AMELIA NIK MUSTAPHA¹, MAHMUDUL HASAN² & DILIPKUMAR MASILAMANY⁴

 

¹Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang,
 Selangor, Malaysia
²Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang,
 Selangor, Malaysia
³Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Sarawak, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
⁴Rice Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), MARDI Seberang Perai, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

 

Received: 22 April 2025/Accepted: 12 August 2025

 

Abstract

The Ser-653-Asn mutation has been identified as the primary factor responsible for imidazolinone (IMI)-resistant weedy rice in Malaysia. This has led to inquiries regarding whether this specific mutation might impose a fitness penalty on the weedy rice population. Consequently, this research examines the fitness of IMI-resistant weedy rice and evaluates its growth responses to different herbicide modes of action (MOA). In the first experiment, the IMI-resistant weedy rice, susceptible weedy rice, and IMI-rice were germinated. Subsequently, the weedy rice seedlings were transplanted interspersed with IMI-rice at varying planting densities. The populations were categorised into herbicide-treated and untreated groups. Photosynthesis parameters were measured at 30, 45, 60, and 75 days after sowing (DAS). Morphological parameters such as leaf area, plant height, dry weight, and tiller numbers were collected after 80 DAS. In the second experiment, the IMI-resistant weedy rice was subjected to different herbicide modes of action (MOA) to evaluate their growth responses. The study was carried out in two parts: Pre-emergence and post-emergence pot trial. In pre-emergence pot trial, the study was conducted using pre-germinated seeds in petri dishes and treated with pretilachlor at 1, 3 and 5 DAS. For post-emergence pot trial, pre-germinated seeds were planted in trays, and at 1-2 leaf stage were treated with quinclorac, imazethapyr and clethodim at the recommended rate. The germination rate and plant height were measured in pre-emergence pot trials after 14 DAS, while survivability and dry weight were recorded in post-emergence pot trials after 21 DAS. A slight fitness cost was observed in IMI-resistant weedy rice, in which it has larger leaf areas and shorter plant height compared to IMI-susceptible weedy rice and MR220CL2 rice. There were no significant differences between the populations in the other morphological parameters observed. In the growth response study, IMI-resistant weedy rice has been observed to have different responses to different herbicide’s MOA. Pretilachlor was effective when applied at 1 DAS, and its efficacy reducing when applied later. Clethodim was effective in controlling IMI-resistant weedy rice, quinclorac was ineffective and imazethapyr was only effective in controlling IMI-susceptible weedy rice. Further studies are necessary to establish a standardised assessment of fitness costs and to employ and integrate other MOAs in the management of weedy rice.

 

Keywords: Fitness cost; herbicide resistance; imidazolinone; MOA; weedy rice

Abstrak

Mutasi Ser-653-Asn telah dikenal pasti sebagai faktor utama yang menyebabkan padi angin rintang-imidazolinone (IMI) di Malaysia. Penemuan ini telah menimbulkan persoalan sama ada mutasi tersebut memberi kesan penalti kecergasan kepada populasi padi angin berkenaan. Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk menilai kecergasan padi angin rintang-IMI dan tindak balas pertumbuhannya terhadap pelbagai mod tindakan (MOA) racun rumpai. Dalam uji kaji pertama, padi angin rintang-IMI, padi angin rentan dan padi IMI telah dicambahkan. Anak benih padi angin kemudiannya dipindahkan dan ditanam secara berselang-seli dengan padi IMI pada kepadatan tanaman yang berbeza. Populasi ini dibahagikan kepada kumpulan dirawat dengan racun rumpai dan kumpulan tidak dirawat. Parameter fotosintesis diukur pada 30, 45, 60 dan 75 hari selepas tabur (HST). Parameter morfologi seperti luas daun, tinggi pokok, berat kering dan bilangan sulur direkodkan selepas 80 HST. Dalam uji kaji kedua, padi angin rintang-IMI turut diuji dengan pelbagai mod tindakan racun rumpai untuk menilai tindak balas pertumbuhan. Kajian ini dibahagikan kepada dua: percubaan dalam pasu secara pracambah dan pascacambah. Dalam percubaan pracambah, biji benih pracambah diletakkan dalam piring petri dan dirawat dengan pretilachlor pada 1, 3 dan 5 HST. Bagi percubaan pascacambah, biji benih pracambah ditanam dalam dulang dan dirawat dengan quinclorac, imazethapyr dan clethodim pada peringkat 1-2 daun, mengikut kadar yang disyorkan. Kadar percambahan dan tinggi pokok diukur dalam ujian pracambah selepas 14 HLT, manakala kadar kelangsungan hidup dan berat kering direkodkan dalam ujian pascacambah selepas 21 HST. Kesan penalti kecergasan yang kecil telah diperhatikan pada padi angin rintang-IMI, yang mana ia mempunyai luas daun yang lebih besar dan ketinggian yang lebih rendah berbanding padi angin rentan dan padi MR220CL2. Tiada perbezaan signifikan diperhatikan dalam parameter morfologi yang lain. Dalam kajian tindak balas pertumbuhan, padi angin rintang IMI menunjukkan tindak balas yang berbeza terhadap pelbagai MOA racun rumpai lain. Pretilachlor berkesan apabila digunakan pada 1 HLT dan keberkesanannya menurun jika dirawat lewat. Clethodim didapati berkesan dalam mengawal padi angin rintang IMI, manakala quinclorac tidak berkesan dan imazethapyr hanya berkesan ke atas padi angin rentan. Kajian lanjutan diperlukan untuk menilai kesan penalti kecergasan secara piawai dan bagi menerapkan serta menggabungkan MOA lain dalam pengurusan padi angin.

 

Kata kunci: Imidazolinone; kerintangan racun rumpai; kos kecergasan; MOA; padi angin

 

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*Corresponding author; email: azizihj@upm.edu.my